Control Systems play a vital role in modern engineering — from automation and robotics to communication and process control. For GATE 2026 aspirants in ECE, EE, and IN, understanding system dynamics, feedback control, and stability analysis is essential.
These handwritten notes are designed to provide a clear, conceptual foundation with real-life examples, mathematical modelling, and analytical techniques. They cover both time-domain and frequency-domain methods along with state-space representation, making them ideal for revision and GATE exam preparation.
Control Systems Notes for GATE 2026 (Handwritten)
1. Introduction to Control Systems
- Definition of Control System
- Open-Loop vs Closed-Loop Systems
- Examples from real life (fan regulator, cruise control, etc.)
- Advantages of Feedback
2. Mathematical Modelling of Systems
- Transfer Function
- Differential Equations & Laplace Transform approach
- Block Diagrams
- Block diagram reduction rules
- Signal flow graphs (Mason’s gain formula)
- Mechanical & Electrical system modelling
3. Time Domain Analysis
- Standard test signals (Step, Ramp, Parabolic, Impulse)
- Transient response analysis
- Rise time, Settling time, Overshoot, Delay time
- Steady State Error (SSE)
- Error constants (Kp, Kv, Ka)
- Stability in Time Domain
- First-order system response
- Second-order system response
4. Stability Analysis
- Concept of Stability
- Routh–Hurwitz Criterion
- Root Locus
- Rules of construction
- Angle & magnitude conditions
- Breakaway & break-in points
- Asymptotes & centroid
5. Frequency Domain Analysis
- Frequency response basics
- Bode Plots
- Construction rules
- Gain margin & Phase margin
- Polar Plot
- Nyquist Plot
- Nyquist stability criterion
- Nichols Chart
6. Compensators & Controllers ( For EEE )
- Proportional (P) Controller
- Integral (I) Controller
- Derivative (D) Controller
- PI, PD, and PID Controllers
- Lead, Lag, and Lead–Lag Compensators
7. State Space Analysis
- State variables & state equations
- Representation of systems in State Space
- Conversion from transfer function to state space
- Solution of state equations
- Controllability & Observability.
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Reference Text Books
- Control Systems Engineering - Norman S.NISE 👉 CLICK HERE
- Control Systems Engineering - L.J Nagrath, M.Gopal 👉 CLICK HERE
- Automatic Control Systems - Kuo Benjamin C. 👉 CLICK HERE
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